Terracota votive head, Etruria, 350-300 BC

Period: Dating: 350 BC–300 BC Origin: Mediterranean Basin, Etruria Material: Pottery (all types) Physical: 24.5cm. (9.6 in.) - 1925 g. (68 oz.) Catalog: POT.XL.00077 Links to other views: ⇒ Larger View if scripting is off, click the ⇒ instead. • • • Links to others of type Statue Granite cartouche of Akhenaten, Dyn. 18 King wearing the nemes, New Kingdom Mentuemhet, prince of Thebes, Dyn. 25 Stone head of a man, Palmyra, 150-250 AD

This Etruscan red-brown terracota votive head is from Capua, 350-300 BC. “A large proportion of the votive gifts found in Etruscan sanctuaries consist of mould-made terracota heads dedicated to the local divinity by individual worshippers. The fact that the heads are mould-made discounts the possibility of portraiture. However, a modeling tool is sometimes used to give a head individual touches before firing… They were made in early Hellenistic Period.” (Faustus 1976:41) Etruscans The Etruscan (or Tusci) civilization was a short-lived but original, sophisticated and influential civilization that developed in the region of northern Italy still known today as Tuscany. Following the Villanovian culture of the ninth century BC, the Etruscan culture emerged around 800 BC among the indigenous population, with perhaps some influence from the East. The Etruscan language is still poorly understood. Although the writing symbols are similar to the Greek alphabet, the words of the language are like no other. Although we speak of Etruria as if it were a nation, it was really no more than a set of cities and city-states with a common culture. Although Roman historians describe a “council” of twelve Etruscan cities, we have no idea what was the purview of the council, and there is little evidence left of any concrete political entity. With a long coastline rife with natural harbors, and a back country rich with copper and iron ore, Tuscany was well suited to the development of both technology and commerce. The Etruscans excelled in both. Etruscan art and techniques were greatly influenced by the Greek World, yet preserved their own distinctive character. At their heyday, Etruscan metal craftsmen had no equal anywhere in the ancient world, and their wares were highly prized all over the Mediterranean. Etruscans also excelled in public works. Despite their lack of a central government, they built a spectacular network of roads, bridges, and viaducts. They developed a clever system for improving the drainage of their lands and controlling the levels of their lakes. They also built remarkable cities, temples and tombs. Etruscans had a complex religion and a deep concern for the afterlife that led them to build chamber tombs, replicating underground the dwellings of the living. It is from those tombs, their decorated walls, and the vast amounts of material cultural goods (much of them imported) the tombs contain that we have learned most of what we know about Etruscans. Etruscan prosperity declined sharply during the fourth century, as other powers blocked their trade routes: southward with their complete naval defeat against the Greeks at Cumae in 474 BC on the Mediterranean side; northward with the progressive takeover of their outposts in northeastern Italy on the Adriatic. But in the long run it is Rome, a city-state of Latin people deeply influenced and infiltrated by Etruscan families at the highest levels of power, that would gradually absorb the cities of the Etruscan culture. By 100 BC, Etruria had become completely assimilated into the Roman world it had helped educate. Bibliography (for this item) Bianchi Bandinelli, Ranuccio, and Antonio Guiliano 1973 Les étrusques et l’Italie avant Rome. Gallimard, Paris, France. Galerie Faustus, 1976 Antiquités: une introduction. Galerie Faustus, Geneva, Swizerland. (41) Moretti, Mario, Gugliemo Maetzke, Manuel Gasser, and Leonard Von Matt 1970 Art et civilisation des étrusques. Hachette, Paris, France. Settis, Salvatore 1985 La terre des Etrusques. Scala, Italy. Bibliography (on Etruscans) Tait, Hugh 1991 Jewelry: 7000 Years: An international History and Illustrated Survey from the Collections of the British Museum (republication of the 1987 edtion by H. N. Abrams). Abradale Press, New York, NY.